X-Ray Physics

Counter tube characteristics

Principle

The counter tube uses the ionising effect of high-energy radiation in order to measure the intensity of the radiation. The counter tube characteristics describe its working range, i.e. the voltage range in which it reliably counts the incoming partic ...

Radiographic examination of objects

Principle

An X-ray tube produces X-rays that cause a fluorescent screen to emit light. Objects that are located between the X-ray source and the fluorescent screen will be irradiated so that their inner structure becomes visible. If one varies the anode current ...

Qualitative examination of the absorption of X-rays

Principle

X-rays penetrate objects that are impenetrable for visible light. The absorption depends on the thickness and type of the material. This dependence is demonstrated in a qualitative manner on a fluorescent screen with the aid of various different abso ...

Ionizing effect of X-radiation

Principle

As well as the outgoing radiation from a radioactive emitter is able to ionize air, so also X-radiation shows an ionizing effect. When air is penetrated by X-radiation, it is electrically conductive. This is tested on a charged electroscope.

Characteristic X-rays of copper

Principle

Spectra of X-rays from a copper anode are analyzed using different monocrystals and the results plotted graphically. The energies of the characteristic lines are then determined from the positions of the glancing angles for the various orders&nbs ...

Characteristic X-rays of molybdenum

Principle

Spectra of X-rays from a molybdenum anode are to be analyzed by means of different monocrystals and the results plotted graphically. The energies of the characteristic lines are then to be determined from the positions of the glancing angles for ...

Characteristic X-rays of iron

Principle

Spectra of X-rays from an iron anode are to be analyzed by means of different monocrystals and the results plotted graphically. The energies of the characteristic lines are then to be determined from the positions of the glancing angles for the ...

The intensity of characteristic X-rays as a function of the anode current and anode voltage

Principle

The polychromatic X-radiation from a copper anode is analyzed using a LiF monocrystal according to Bragg. Varying the anode current and anode voltage influences the intensity of the characteristic Ka and Kß radiation.

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Monochromatisation of molybdenum X-rays

Principle

The X-rays that are generated by an X-ray tube are polychromatic. Numerous experiments (e.g. Debye-Scherrer experiments concerning crystal structures), however, require monochromatic X-radiation, which can be generated by filtering the X-rays with mo ...

Monochromatisation of copper X-rays

Principle

The X-rays that are generated by an X-ray tube are polychromatic. Numerous experiments (e.g. Debye-Scherrer experiments concerning crystal structures), however, require monochromatic X-radiation, which can be generated by filtering the X-rays with mo ...

K alpha double splitting of molybdenum X-rays/ fine structure

Principle

The polychromatic molybdenum X-ray spectrum is analyzed by means of a monocrystal. The energy of the characteristic lines is determined from the positions of the glancing angles at various orders of diffraction. The separation of the Ka doublet in hig ...

K alpha doublet splitting of iron X-rays / fine structure

Principle

The polychromatic iron X-ray spectrum is to analyzed by means of a monocrystal. The energy of the characteristic lines is to be determined from the positions of the glancing angles for various orders of diffraction. The separation of the Ka doublet in ...

Duane-Hunt displacement law and Planck's "quantum of action"

Principle

X-ray spectra are recorded as a function of the anode voltage. The short wavelength limit of the bremsspectrum is used to determine the agreement with the Duane-Hunt displacement law, and to determine Planck's "quantum of action".

Characteristic X-ray lines of different anode materials /Moseley's law

Principle

Moseley's law describes the relationship between the energy of the Ka lines of characteristic X-ray spec-tra and the atomic number. In this experiment, the characteristic X-ray lines of various different anode materials are determined in order to veri ...

Absorption of X-rays

Principle

The polychromatic X-radiation that is emitted by an X-ray tube is filtered in terms of its energy with the aid of a monocrystal. The resulting monochromatic radiation is used as the primary radiation source for examining the absorption behaviour of va ...