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Principle
In this experiment the students should determine that the heat sensitivity of their skin does not allow a reliable estimation of the temperature. Its estimate is, on the contrary, dependent on which temperature was available previously for comparison. ...
When two bodies with different temperatures contact each other, a process of temperature equalisation takes place until both bodies have the same temperature (thermal equilibrium). The students should measure the temporal course of the temperatur ...
The Celsius temperature scale is defined by the melting and boiling points of water. The students should calibrate a non-graduated thermometer and then make a few measurements with it.
Task
How is the Celsius tempe ...
If two different metals are in contact, a contact potential results from the different electron affinity of the metals' surfaces. The size of this potential is a function of the temperature since the electron's kinetic energy increases with increasin ...
In this experiment the students should qualitatively observe the expansion of water and air during heating.
Does the volume of liquids and gases change when heated?
Using water as a model the expansion of a liquid is shown as a function of temperature. In the supplementary problem, the expansion coefficient is calculated at different temperatures. The expansion of water is not linear; its coefficient is not cons ...
Heating a volume of air can lead to both an increase in volume and an increase in pressure. In this experiment the pressure must remain constant. This is achieved by ensuring that the water level in both manometer limbs is the same before reading ...
Heating a volume of air can lead to both an increase in volume and an increase in pressure. In this experiment the volume must be kept constant. This is achieved by marking the initial water level in limb a of the manometer and resettin ...
Metal tubes are heated with steam. The linear expansion of three different metals is determined with the aid of a rotating-shaft pointer. From this the metals' coefficient of linear expansion is determined (Supplementary problem). The use of a rolling ...
To understand this experiment the students must be familiar with the linear expansion of metals. In experiment 1 the bending of a bimetal strip during heating is shown. In experiment 2a switch is constructed with the bimetal strip.
The thermal conductivity of different metals and glass should be qualitatively compared to each other.
Investigate the conduction of heat in metals and glass.
One end of a U-shaped metal rod is immersed in boiling water and the other in cold water. From the warming of the cold water qualitative and quantitative statements can be made about the influence of the rod's composition, length and diameter on the h ...
The students should recognize that heating of liquids or gases causes a current since the heated medium has a lower density than the cold one and, thus, rises. In closed systems this leads to circulation. The current transports heat energy.
This experiment shows vividly that water is a poor conductor of heat: while the water at the top is boiling, the piece of ice normally does not melt quickly. A heat flow does not occur since the water is heated at the top.
A polished and a black beaker are heated by radiation. Instead of solar radiation a bright flame located in front of the two beakers is used. Both beakers are filled with air since the heat capacity of water is very large and it would be too sl ...
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