States of Aggregation

Vapour pressure of water at high temperature

Principle

The high-pressure steam apparatus makes it possible to measure steam pressure in a temperature range of 100-250°C. This allows for investigations to be performed on real gases and vapours. Typical equilibrium states between gas and liquid phases can be set up. F ...

Vapour pressure of water below 100°C - molar heat of vaporisation

Principle

The vapour pressure of water in the range of 40°C to 85°C is investigated. It is shown that the Clausius-Clapeyron equation describes the relation between temperature and pressure in an adequate manner. An average value for the heat of vaporization of water ...

Boiling point elevation

Principle

The boiling point of a solution is always higher than that of the pure solvent. The dependence of the temperature difference (elevated boiling point) on the concentration of the solute can be determined using a suitable apparatus.

Exercises

Freezing point depression

Principle

The freezing point of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent. The depression of the freezing point can be determined experimentally using a suitable apparatus (cryoscopy). If the cryoscopic constants of the solvent are known, the molecular mass of the dis ...